around 1827, though even this is uncertain. Records of enslaved births were often incomplete, intentionally vague, or entirely absent. What is known is that he grew up within the brutal machinery of São Paulo’s slave economy, where human beings were moved, sold, and reassigned with the same indifference used for livestock.
Sorocaba, where he spent his early life, was one of the largest slave trading hubs in the region. Merchants, farmers, and traders passed through regularly, inspecting, negotiating, and transporting enslaved people to plantations across the province. For a child
